Labourkkk. Georgia Approves Changes to Stone Mountain Park, ‘Shrine to White Supremacy’ The site’s board authorized the creation of a truth-telling exhibit, a new logo and a relocated Confederate flag. Labourkkk

 
Georgia Approves Changes to Stone Mountain Park, ‘Shrine to White Supremacy’ The site’s board authorized the creation of a truth-telling exhibit, a new logo and a relocated Confederate flagLabourkkk  We analyzed research using Saturday Night Science from the Virginia Commonwealth University that mapped Klaverns by city from 1915-1940

Both are killed in the blast. The city hosted “a throng in excess of any ever before entertained by an Indiana city, not excepting Indianapolis on Speedway day,” with Klan members coming from surrounding states as well. [33] Ku Klux Klan – Distrikt Nordrhein-Westfalen - A German Ku Klux Klan group operating in North Rhine-Westphalia. , After World War I, American corporations ceased to pursue overseas investments and more. S. urban immigrants' resistance to prohibition. In the South, the Klan focused more specifically. Its terrorism during the election of 1876 hastened Reconstruction's end. The structure shows the faces of. The image promotes support for the Republican party by condemning Democrats. Benedict Arnold. The ultimate goal of such marketing was to. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The red scare of 1919-1920 was provoked by a. On April 29, 1920, several days before the arrests of Sacco and Vanzetti, Attorney General Palmer warned the nation. Contact Krystal Nurse at (517) 267-1344 or knurse@lsj. Loyal White Knights (LWK) is the one of the largest and most active Klan groups in the United States. Grant was a native of Ohio, born in 1822. The first two words of the organization’s name. A progressive reformer who fought against monopolies and. The Washington State Klan during the 1920s was part of the second of three waves of KKK activity in America. The KKK From 1871–1899 In 1871 Congress also passed the Ku Klux Klan Act, which allowed the government to act against the Ku Klux Klan and similar organizations. This time, a white mob attacked the attendees of a black suffrage convention, killing 37 blacks and three. “The. KKK Parade Float leading 750 Klan members on a march through downtown Bellingham, May 15, 1926. June 10, 2021 June 10, 2021 tenchunk Video. A large number of those who chose not to strike were. A layoff is temporary in nature as it indicates the incapability of an employer to continue the employment of the workers for a short period. ___ came to dominate in the cotton and tobacco regions of Virginia and North Carolina. The cities in Texas with the most historic KKK members are Bedias and Blackwell for 2023 based on Saturday Night Science. . Though the U. The Ku Klux Klan was, in its inception, a. LWK are best known for their distribution of racist, antisemitic, anti-immigrant, homophobic and Islamophobic propaganda. Calderin is happily retired. Anti-Catholicism in the United States concerns the anti-Catholic attitudes first brought to the Thirteen Colonies by Protestant European settlers, composed mostly of English Puritans, during the British colonization of North America (16th–17th century). , The stock market crash of October 1929 itself did not. Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state, meaning all aspects of Germans’ lives were controlled by the government. A resurgence in Klan activity occurred starting in 1915, and states such as Arkansas were home to newly forming Klan groups during the 1920s. a. Nathan Bedford Forrest - Confederate General, KKK Founder: Forrest’s postwar business career was not as lucrative as his antebellum ventures. On a sunny day in early March 1921, Warren G. -guaranteed planters a stable labor force. . While recovering from a car accident, the local preacher in Georgia followed the Birth of a Nation’s. Historical KKK locations in Missouri research summary. Give 2 examples of powerful people in the KKK: the Governor of Alabama and a Senator from Texas. News Reporter. Follow her on Twitter @KrystalRNurse. The Ku Klux Klan still exists, it's not underground, and nobody takes them seriously. It was made up of native-born, white Protestants of many income and social levels. strikes. With passage of the Third Force Act, popularly known as the Ku Klux Act, Congress authorizes President Ulysses S. Wells-Barnett , author of The Red Record. The Klan 's goals included the political defeat of. Confederate soldiers during the Civil War enjoyed a geographic advantage over Union soldiers because. We analyzed research using Saturday Night Science from the Virginia Commonwealth University that mapped Klaverns by city from 1915-1940. White League. voided the Thirteenth Amendment. Evans. Issues of morality, immigration, politics and race highlighted key fundamental differences. Scalawags. Which of the statements describe the automobile industry in the 1920s?, Fill in the blanks to complete the. on terrorising black people. S. Nearly twenty Chinese people were lynched, including a fourteen-year-old boy and a prominent physician. Recently I tumbled on this story from Kansas Humanities — and an earlier post from Only A. Formerly, it was the Democratic Party that was associated with the former Cofederacy, limited government, and sadly, institutional racism at its worse. 3. Ulysses S. The cities in Tennessee with the most historic KKK members are Estill Springs and Medina for 2023 based on Saturday Night Science. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Black delegates actively participated in revising the state constitutions of southern states. The Nazi Party was known for its extreme nationalism, anti. “Here I am,” said Jackson. , on Aug. , American economic prosperity in the 1920's was driven by the automobile industry. THE KU KLUX KLAN Reasons for Support or Opposition Among White Respondents RICK SELTZER Howard University GRACE M. Black Legion (political movement) The Black Legion was a white supremacist terrorist organization which was active in the Midwestern United States during the Great Depression of the 1930s. About 50 Ku Klux Klan members marched on July 8, 2017, in Charlottesville, Virginia, after the city decided to take down a park statue of Confederate Army General Robert E. He had won a landslide election by promising a “return to normalcy. Posted by u/jobautomator - 23 votes and 4,089 commentsStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Education, Male youth groups, Female youth groups and more. In the words of popular Charleston secessionist Robert B. The government found it very easy to sympathize with businesses during the 19th century due to the fact that they were receiving money from these businesses. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) first appeared in the United States in 1866. In the changing world of the 1920s, the group was against Catholics, Jews, African-Americans, immorality, and drinking. From the KKK to The Proud Boys. When Wilson entered office. The. The new Klan offered hard-core opposition to the civil rights movement. Grant to declare martial law, impose heavy penalties against terrorist. Jonathan M. We live in an unfortunate time in which white nationalists and neo-Nazis are receiving a great amount of publicity. According to a study in 1969, the United States. Events at the National Mall are located somewhere between the United States Capitol and the Lincoln Memorial. A current resume. Reconstruction Comes to an End. After 1867, an increasing number of southern whites turned to violence in response to the revolutionary changes of Radical Reconstruction. I. Evans' influence at the convention was noted by Time Magazine, which ran a full-page photo of the Imperial Wizard on the cover (June 23,Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The Knights of Labor were the first group to try to organize unskilled and skilled labor, both men and women, and black and white, though they gave into West Coast racism and excluded the despised immigrants from Asia on the West Coast. The Court decided the constitutionality of a Virginia law that banned cross-burning; one of the two incidents in the case involved a cross-burning at a Klan rally led by Barry Black. 2. Goodman and two fellow activists, James Chaney and Michael Schwerner, were volunteers for the Freedom. The effort to remake the South generated a brutal reaction among southern whites, who were committed to keeping blacks in a subservient position. June 16, 2020 13:42. -a compromise between blacks' desire for landownership and whites' desire to. In his Atlanta speech of 1895, Booker T. Late in 1865, just after the United States Civil War ended, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was founded. Constitution did which of the following?, Which action by Andrew Johnson ultimately led to his impeachment?, What is generally considered to be the greatest failure of the Freedmens Bureau? and more. It split off from the Ku Klux Klan. The constituency of Smethwick in the West Midlands of England gained national media coverage at the 1964 general election, when Peter Griffiths of the Conservative Party gained the seat against the national trend, amidst controversy concerning racism . (Reuters / Patrick T. During the ‘20s, the Klan—along with its auxiliary “Women of the Ku Klux Klan” and three KKK youth groups —spread across the north and south by arguing that Catholics and immigrants were. While campaigning, he said, “America. After last weekend’s Black Lives Matter demonstrations, a heart-warming picture emerged on the internet. Buck, The Good Earth (1931) You couldn’t say that the contents of this novel reflect American life in the 1930s, exactly—beginning as it does in a pre-revolutionary Chinese village—but it was certainly a sensation of its time, so it must have struck a certain chord. The Bureau presented questions. b) the Red Scare led to the suspension of constitutional freedoms. limited the hours that women could legally work. state. The new Klan retained. Thomas Nast’s 1874 cartoon was published in Harper’s Weekly magazine, a northern publication that was politically aligned with Abraham Lincoln and the northern Republican party during the Civil War and throughout Reconstruction. Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of Goa in the Fortieth Year of. Layoff is defined under Section 2 (t) of the Industrial Relation Code, 2020 which was earlier defined under Section 2 (kkk) of Industrial disputes Act, 1947. 26. The National Socialist German Workers' Party commonly referred to in English as the Nazi Party was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that practiced Nazism. We analyzed research using Saturday Night Science from the Virginia Commonwealth University that mapped Klaverns by city from 1915-1940. When slavery was abolished at the end of the Civil War, southern states created black codes, laws which aimed to keep white supremacy in place. employment@bklabourhire. Kinda hard when your cousin-fucking leaders have titles like Grand Wizard and Exalted Cyclops. More important was the large chapter he started in Portland in February, 1922. a. Early urban development featured competition and cooperation between the city’s business leadership, women’s groups, and coalitions. It adopted similar oaths and rituals popular with college fraternities of the. For Jews, Jew-ish and non-Jewss too, the Edinburgh Fringe was packed with world-class Jewish comedy and theatrical innovation, pushing new ideas, breaking boundaries and. Pearl S. — Rich Smith (@richsssmith) November 15, 2023 Israel raids al-Shifa hospital where thousands are trapped: The Israeli Defense Forces said it launched a targeted attack on Hamas inside the. Warning Against the “Roman Catholic Party”: Catholicism and the 1928 Election. Butler The Aryan Nations Knights of the Ku…Ku Klux Klan in Wisconsin. Its predecessor, the German Workers' Party (DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920. Part of the Seattle Civil Rights Project’s special section, The Washington State Klan in the 1920s. The infamous Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was organized in May or early June of 1866 in a law office in Pulaski by six bored Confederate veterans (the “immortal six”). Use precise geolocation data and actively scan device characteristics for identification. All rights reserved. Since 1984, the PKK has utilized asymmetric warfare in the Kurdish. The Greensboro massacre was a deadly confrontation which occurred on November 3, 1979, in Greensboro, North Carolina, US, when members of the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party (ANP) shot and killed five participants in a "Death to the Klan" march which was organized by the Communist Workers Party (CWP). After the Civil War, the Ku Klux Klan, led by former Confederate General Nathaniel Bedford Forrest, used terrorist tactics to intimidate former slaves. For the nation it proved pivotal to a more inclusive definition of “American. Claim: "The KKK was formed by the Democratic Party. Prosperous. Writing for History Extra, Linda Gordon explores the roots of the organisation, its explosion into a mass movement in the 1920s, and considers the political sway that the Klan held in early 20th. The Washington Klan put a similar bill on the ballot in 1924. Land,'capesqlResislance in Inunukalee, Florida Chapman Globalization, Identity, and the Flo14ida Realm of the ORION Knights ofthe Ku Klux Klan: Landscapes ofResistance in Immokalee, Florida Tl10mas Chapman As places across the globe have bCC0111C incrcasingly lntercon. At least 18 states have "anti-masking" laws that make it a crime to wear a mask in public. The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Record Group 105), also known as the Freedmen’s Bureau, was established in the War Department by an act of Congress on March 3,. In fact, though the KKK is best known for its racist attacks, other forms of hate have long been part of its history. -preferred by former slaves because it allowed them to work without white supervision. d. Calvin Coolidge. The KKK should be understood not just as a white supremacist organization, but as an employers’ organization: it violently resisted the revolutionary gains of the Civil War and Reconstruction, and sought to keep the black masses toiling in submission. Historical KKK locations in Tennessee research summary. With the white working class's labor distress at. " Most Southern. History. e. Reconstruction Comes to an End. Brittany Greeson for The New York Times. a. Outlaw learned that Ed Rhone—the leader of a multi-racial group called the Knights of Labor—was worried by the abduction of another. This event only happens at night time. it launched a long struggle to enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. W. The United States has always been a nation of immigrants—and seemingly also always a nation suffused with xenophobia, a fear or hatred of those same immigrants. Following the American Civil War, decommissioned Confederate soldiers in Pulaski, Tennessee established the Ku Klux Klan in 1865 as a fraternal social club. , which shows the variety of expression of notable political views. -required farmers to divide the crop with the landowner at the end of the year. Washington: a. For some it was a path to citizenship. In response, some Americans during the 1920's sought to restrict certain kinds of immigrants while others resurrected the Ku Klux Klan and similar "protective" organizations. The Ku Klux Klan was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to combat Reconstruction reforms and intimidate African Americans. ” today’s Democrats “try very hard to. After Professor Stanley’s grandfather was set upon and nearly killed by antisemitic hoodlums in 1948, the family left Warsaw, emigrating to the US. The Ku Klux Klan rose to prominence in Indiana politics and society after World War I. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is a historically violent American organization that has operated in three periods to promote white supremacy and white nationalism and resist immigration. Engraving from the 1860s depicting two members of the Ku. In February 1871, a second enforcement act. The Second Enforcement Act of 1871, sometimes called the Civil Rights Act of 1871 or the Second Ku Klux Klan Act, was a United States federal law. It introduced the word "male" into the Constitution for the first time. The salute is performed by extending the right arm from the shoulder into the air with a straightened hand. Governor Allen's decision to seek the KKK's ouster had as its direct cause the activities of the Invisible Empire regarding a strike of railway shop crafts workers in Arkansas City. Today, operating mostly as an underground, yet still highly relevant and highly effective organization established to maintain white superiority, the 'Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. skilled workers. gw. The KKK represented the prejudices and fears of many Americans, especially those who lived in small towns. In 1848, Grant married Julia, and had four. A motivated Klan recruiter could make that in a few weeks. S. Judas Iscariot. Senator Ted Cruz stated that: the Ku Klux Klan “was formed by elected Democrats. Newton, the Black Panthers gained national attention for their militancy, Maoism, uniforms. Below are some resources that you might find useful for a historical outline of modern social movements in the US. Smethwick Council House, where the result was announced. But undermanned Union garrisons rarely stopped the Klan's plunder. The name was supposedly derived from the Greek word “kyklos,” meaning circle. The diagram is completed this way: 1- The United States Constitution is written with no mention of political parties. Click the card to flip 👆. Greensboro Massacre. Black codes was a set of rules that put a restriction on black people on owning a property in the territory, restriction on doing a business or buying/ leasing of land were applied. Within months of the Union victory in the Civil War in 1865, a small band of soldiers from the defeated Confederate army gathered in Pulaski, Tennessee, and formed an organization they dubbed the Ku Klux Klan. Some walked. The Freedmen’s Bureau, formally known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, was established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former Black. The meeting began with a telegram that was delivered from the Klan at the end of 1960. At its height the organization had klaverns in each of Georgia's 159 counties, as well as klaverns in Alabama, Tennessee, South Carolina. During this event, the KKK is accepting a new member. was a unanimous decision. Over 800 were arrested in New England from locations that included Boston, Brockton, Chelsea, Fitchburg, Lawrence, and Lynn. . The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was formed as a terrorist group. Had no mention of gender. Johhny Rebel-Stand up and be Counted; Join the Ku Klux Klan Aryan Nations, Hayden Lake, Idaho, September 14th, 1986 @ Aryan Nations. Layoff refers to the removal of employees by the employer for reasons other than the employee’s fault. The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was an agency of early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South. Association of Georgia Klans. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The Hays Code:, In the early twentieth century, the Ku Klux Klan reemerged in the South, targeting only blacks. Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821-1877) was a Confederate general during the Civil War (1861-65). A motivated Klan recruiter could make that in a few weeks. Eric Foner. They are organizers or recruiters, "appointed by an imperial wizard or his imperial representative to 'sex' the KKK among non-members". joseph g. , The Texas legislature passed _____, a series of restriction that denied equality to African Americans. The key input into our analysis is a unique dataset on membership in the Ku Klux Klan inKu Klux Klan in Indiana. After the 60s, it was the Republicans. improving the lives of former slaves C. its. Think about what you know about the Espionage and Sedition Acts. Introduction. 2 David Eltis & Paul F. A third Klan movement emerged in 1946, after World War II, based on fear of Communism and the civil rights movement. 3- The two-party system emerges with the creation of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican. -the Supreme Court's failure to fully uphold the rights of blacks. More than 250,000 Hoosiers swelled the Klan's. It was a sensation. Freedmen's Bureau's Demise. in 1926. What A Forty-Year-Old Book on the Colorado Klan Teaches Us About Hate Groups Today. Whether you are a company that needs effective workers or you are looking for work where you can succeed and grow, LabourLink has delivered excellent results for over a decade. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. 2. federal government over the power of the states. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibited the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race. The election of Franklin D. It was officially called the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). Labour Bkk Underground ep. D. Membership in the KKK skyrocketed from a few thousand to over 100,000 in a mere ten months. W. with the prospect of reconstructing its political, economic, and social systems. During the 1920s American society was very divided. securing. We analyzed research using Saturday Night Science from the Virginia Commonwealth University that mapped Klaverns by city from 1915-1940. Andrew Johnson - succeeded Lincoln as president - entered politics in Tennessee - only senator from a Confederate state to. , A "carpetbagger" is, After emancipation, many freedwomen elected to withdraw from work in the fields and focus their energies at home. Dormant for decades, by the mid-1920s a reconstructed Klan was again a powerful political force in both the South and the North, spreading hatred against African Americans. , List the following events of Reconstruction in chronological order. The following is a list of rallies and protest marches in Washington, D. Murder of Judge Edward Aaron – Birmingham, Alabama 1957. 05 – Work From Home. d) the Red Scare extended into the 1920s. Klansmen parade in Washington, D. reunifying the country D. For alienated whiteProtestant workers, the Klan reaffirmed a sense of collective iden-tity that had been muted during the Progressive Era and damaged in the open shop cam- 21 “ Klan Komment,” Imperial Night-Hawk 1 (June 27, 1923), 5 Google Scholar; A Great Titan of the Realm of Texas, “The Klan as a Civic Asset,” Papers Read, 66–67; Feldman, Klan in Alabama, 28–29, 57–58; “Free School Books and Supplies in First Six Grades of the Birmingham Public Schools,” BLA, June 2, 1923, 1. See also: NPR’s history of the labor movement. This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Many college educated white women rebelled against "Victorian" notions of sexuality, leading to an increase in premarital sex. Rhett, "We will expand, as our growth and civilization shall demand – over. Ku Klux Klan. "Groups During the American Civil Rights Movement. The media and the government also stoked xenophobia by claiming that the Wobblies were not Americans. 15 ). was a racist group which began in the southern states at the. A new version of the Ku Klux Klan arose during the early 1920s. Some of them said, "We've got to go out. c. This special section of the Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project documents the history of Washington State’s 1920s chapter of the most infamous white supremacist organization in American history, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The Echo Project was born out of a similarly unexpected partnership. Hien Tran, 66, and her dog Lucy at the Thai Xuan Village apartment complex in Houston. Opinion Columnist. c. 7 million African men, women, and children were kidnapped and sold into captivity in North America, South America, or Central America. Klansmen parade in Washington, D. c. nccted~ peopJe are experiencing a "speeding up'ofthe pace oflife,. Claim: The Ku Klux Klan held a march and rally at the 1924 Democratic National Convention, which was thereafter popularly known as the "Klanbake. Home-rule was established in the South. Powell was motivated. It’s a time of anxiety. Since U. C. 1920's Society. Ku Klux Klan recruitment of members is the responsibility of 'Kleagles', as defined by "Ku Klux Klan: An Encyclopedia". Call Number: Online - free - HathiTrust. Power Devaluation to a vote. the public's association of labor violence with its fear of revolution. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In the 1920s Americans' real wages, or wages valued in purchasing power, increased by, The postwar residential construction boom was mostly in, Ford drove down production costs by implementing the moving assembly line and and more. and more. D uring the Transatlantic Slave Trade, an estimated 10. The group quickly. " (t) "lay-off" means the failure, refusal or inability of an employer on account of shortage of coal, power or raw materials or the accumulation of stocks or the break-down of machinery. Mississippi Burning (1988) Two F. UPVC PRESSURE PIPES WITH RUBBER - Colour Length RING JOINT Normal Size mm 100 155 200 250 300 STANDARD Outside Diameter (mm) Grey Or Blue 6m Rubber - Ring JointThe Ku Klux Klan close The Ku Klux Klan A group of White Anglo-Saxon Protestants who used violence against black Americans and others. 90. On May 3 one person. 00:12. Armed Forces was an immigrant. Consequently, the answers that we offer are in many cases suggestive rather than conclusive. C. White supremacism is on the rise again. roe frank d. “Machine politics” is a phenomenon sometimes seen in an urban political context, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries. Black men began working in the federal government during the Civil War, and by the turn of the century, Black men and women made up about 10 percent of that workforce. Black historian Mary Watkins seeks a marker near Confederate monuments to honor the enslaved sold at the Rutherford Courthouse grounds. We. Americans who were proud of their heritage were wary of immigrants and an eventual papal takeover. The authors of a controversial report into racism last night demanded a parliamentary probe into an MP who appeared to compare them to the Ku Klux Klan. They apparently derived the name from the Greek word kyklos, from which comes the English “circle”; “Klan” was added for the sake of alliteration and Ku Klux Klan emerged. The Southern Poverty Law Center, which tracks hate groups, says the number of Klan-related groups is at a 14-year low, with between 5,000 and 8,000 members, 'split among dozens of different - and. Even after 150 years, it is still an active, domestic terrorist organization. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like the factors that led to the inclusion of a guarantee of black suffrage in the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 were a. After the 60s, it was the. Klan was re-created in 1915 . True. Premarital sex actually declined during the era. Identify the areas of the American economy that were in decline even before the 1929 stock market crash. sanctioned racial segregation. By. The post World War I period was marked by a spike in racial violence, much of it directed toward African American veterans returning. Blue Collar: The term "blue collar" refers to a type of employment. it used the court system to push for racial equality. U. **Left Side: Betty E. Founded in 1866 in Pulaski, Tennessee, the Ku Klux Klan combated post-Civil War reforms and terrorized freed African Americans in the former Confederacy. Whether Mr. 2 about which information is scarce. state of Maine, with a small African-American population but a burgeoning number of Acadian, French-Canadian and Irish immigrants, the Klan revival of the 1920s was a Protestant nativist movement directed against the. Second Klan. Ku Klux Klan and 1920s America. German-born political cartoonist Thomas Nast gave America some of its most enduring symbols: the Republican elephant, the Democratic donkey, and Uncle Sam. C) in towns with populations of less than 1,000. Discuss theoretical perspectives on social movements, like resource mobilization, framing, and new social movement theory. Sharecropping is a type of farming in which families rent small plots of land from a landowner in return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the landowner at the end of each year. What was Lincoln's primary goal immediately following the Civil War? A. Georgia Approves Changes to Stone Mountain Park, ‘Shrine to White Supremacy’ The site’s board authorized the creation of a truth-telling exhibit, a new logo and a relocated Confederate flag. , The competing visions of Reconstruction between President Johnson and the Radical Republicans brought forth the nation's first. These are but a few of the numerous famous personalities we’ve come to associate with the word traitor. In their opinion every. Chapter 31 study guide.